{"id":1668,"date":"2024-10-14T09:57:16","date_gmt":"2024-10-14T09:57:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sportano.cz\/blog\/?p=1668"},"modified":"2025-08-05T09:01:33","modified_gmt":"2025-08-05T09:01:33","slug":"jak-pouzivat-kompas-zaklady-pouzivani-kompasu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sportano.cz\/blog\/jak-pouzivat-kompas-zaklady-pouzivani-kompasu\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak pou\u017e\u00edvat kompas? Z\u00e1klady pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed kompasu"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Kompas je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se v dob\u011b GPS a Google Maps pomalu st\u00e1v\u00e1 minulost\u00ed. P\u0159esto se vyplat\u00ed nau\u010dit se ho pou\u017e\u00edvat, proto\u017ee na rozd\u00edl od navigace v\u00e1s p\u0159i t\u00fa\u0159e nebo orienta\u010dn\u00edm b\u011bhu nezklame. N\u00e1\u0161 pr\u016fvodce v\u00e1m odpov\u00ed na ot\u00e1zku: Jak \u010d\u00edst z kompasu, ale nejen to. Dozv\u00edte se, jak z \u010deho kompas se skl\u00e1d\u00e1, jak funguje a v \u010dem se li\u0161\u00ed od buzoly.<\/strong><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Co je to kompas a k \u010demu se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kompas <\/u><\/span><\/a>je jednoduch\u00fd naviga\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroj vybaven\u00fd magnetickou jehlou, kter\u00e1 ukazuje sm\u011br magnetick\u00e9ho p\u00f3lu (sever-jih), a umo\u017e\u0148uje tak ur\u010dit ostatn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 strany. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k orientaci na map\u011b (spr\u00e1vn\u00e1 orientace vzhledem k ter\u00e9nu), k ur\u010den\u00ed sm\u011bru, kter\u00fdm se mus\u00edte pohybovat, abyste dos\u00e1hli c\u00edle, nebo k nalezen\u00ed cesty, pokud zabloud\u00edte nebo pokud cesta vyzna\u010den\u00e1 naviga\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mem nap\u0159\u00edklad zarostla. Spolu s turistickou mapou<\/strong> v\u00e1m pom\u016f\u017ee nap\u0159\u00edklad identifikovat vrchol, \u0159eku apod. Kompas je vhodn\u00fd pro horskou turistiku, orienta\u010dn\u00ed b\u011bh, cyklistiku a survivalu<\/strong>. Tento mal\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj m\u00e1 oproti naviga\u010dn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016fm nebo map\u00e1m v telefonech jednu velkou v\u00fdhodu – nem\u00e1 baterii, kter\u00e1 se m\u016f\u017ee vyb\u00edt, a v\u017edy m\u00e1 dosah.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Druhy kompas\u016f<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Krom\u011b v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho <\/span>magnetick\u00e9ho kompasu<\/strong><\/span> jsou na trhu k dispozici i dal\u0161\u00ed typy kompas\u016f:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  • geodetick\u00fd<\/strong><\/span> – pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k p\u0159esn\u00e9mu ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed vodorovn\u00fdch \u00fahl\u016f v ter\u00e9nu p\u0159i geodetick\u00fdch prac\u00edch (p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm topografick\u00e9 sn\u00edmky). Krom\u011b magnetick\u00e9 jehly m\u00e1 na desce zam\u011b\u0159ova\u010d a vodov\u00e1hu a dr\u017e\u00e1k pro geodetick\u00fd stativ.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • geologick\u00fd<\/strong><\/span> – p\u0159\u00edstroj, kter\u00fd pom\u00e1h\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159it nap\u0159. vodorovn\u00e9 \u00fahly v ter\u00e9nu, svisl\u00e9 \u00fahly nebo \u00fahly svahu, s jeho\u017e pomoc\u00ed mohou geologov\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159it pr\u016fb\u011bh a pokles geologick\u00fdch vrstev zem\u011b. Skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z magnetick\u00e9ho kompasu, sady vodov\u00e1h, klysimetru a klinometru.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • slune\u010dn\u00ed<\/strong><\/span> – umo\u017e\u0148uje ur\u010dit sv\u011btov\u00e9 strany pomoc\u00ed polohy slune\u010dn\u00edho kotou\u010de na obloze v ur\u010ditou denn\u00ed dobu. Jeho v\u00fdhodou je imunita v\u016f\u010di magnetick\u00fdm anom\u00e1li\u00edm nebo mo\u017enost ur\u010dovat sm\u011bry v bl\u00edzkosti p\u00f3l\u016f. Nen\u00ed u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e1 v noci nebo p\u0159i velk\u00e9 obla\u010dnosti.<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  • elektromechanick\u00fd<\/strong><\/span> – neboli <\/span>gyrokompas<\/strong><\/span>, je p\u0159\u00edstroj, jak u\u017e n\u00e1zev napov\u00edd\u00e1, vybaven\u00fd gyroskopem. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na lod\u00edch. Umo\u017e\u0148uje ur\u010dovat zem\u011bpisn\u00fd sever. Je zalo\u017een na principu pevn\u00e9 polohy v prostoru osy gyroskopu ot\u00e1\u010dej\u00edc\u00edho se vysokou rychlost\u00ed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

    Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi kompasem a buzolou?<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

    Pro n\u011bkter\u00e9 je „<\/span>kompas<\/strong><\/span>“ a „<\/span>buzola<\/strong><\/span>“ stejn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj, co\u017e je myln\u00e1 p\u0159edstava. Ano, buzola je vybavena magnetickou jehlou, ale m\u00e1 tak\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159ovac\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje – mu\u0161ku, a zrc\u00e1tko – pro <\/span>ur\u010den\u00ed azimutu<\/strong><\/span> (vodorovn\u00fd \u00fahel mezi severem a sm\u011brem ke zvolen\u00e9mu bodu\/objektu, m\u011b\u0159eno ve sm\u011bru hodinov\u00fdch ru\u010di\u010dek). Krom\u011b toho m\u00e1 oto\u010dn\u00fd krou\u017eek s d\u011blen\u00edm ve stupn\u00edch (tzv. limbus), prav\u00edtko (m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v cm), fosforuj\u00edc\u00ed ozna\u010den\u00ed a pojistku jehly (nap\u0159. padac\u00ed v\u00edko).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Konstrukce kompasu<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Klasick\u00fd<\/span> kompas m\u00e1 pouzdro p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed ploch\u00fd v\u00e1lec (z plastu nebo kovov\u00e9 slitiny, nap\u0159. hlin\u00edku), uvnit\u0159 kter\u00e9ho je magnetick\u00e1 jehla (ploch\u00fd, lehk\u00fd a \u00fazk\u00fd magnet) zav\u011b\u0161en\u00e1 na no\u017ei (umo\u017e\u0148uje ot\u00e1\u010den\u00ed) a \u010d\u00edseln\u00edk se sm\u011brov\u00fdmi zna\u010dkami a stupnic\u00ed. Uzav\u0159en\u00fd vnit\u0159ek je napln\u011bn kapalinou (alkoholem nebo demineralizovanou vodou), kter\u00e1 jehlu stabilizuje a zabra\u0148uje jej\u00edmu chv\u011bn\u00ed. Cylindr kompasu lze um\u00edstit na tzv. desku vybavenou prav\u00edtkem (stupnice v milimetrech\/palc\u00edch), lupou (umo\u017e\u0148uje \u010d\u00edst mal\u00e9 zna\u010dky na map\u011b) a stupnic\u00ed s b\u011b\u017en\u00fdmi mapov\u00fdmi m\u011b\u0159\u00edtky (umo\u017e\u0148uje efektivn\u011b m\u011b\u0159it vzd\u00e1lenosti). \u010c\u00edseln\u00edk kompasu obsahuje sv\u011btov\u00e9 sm\u011brov\u00e9 zna\u010dky: z\u00e1kladn\u00ed (N – sever, S – jih, E – v\u00fdchod a W – z\u00e1pad) a kombinovan\u00e9 (NW – severoz\u00e1pad, NE – severov\u00fdchod, SW – jihoz\u00e1pad a SE – jihov\u00fdchod).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \"Osoba<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Jak kompas funguje?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    Kompas funguje na z\u00e1klad\u011b interakce jehly s magnetick\u00fdm polem Zem\u011b, tak\u017ee bez ohledu na to, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00edte nebo jak\u00e1 je denn\u00ed doba, se jehla nastav\u00ed mezi magnetick\u00e9 p\u00f3ly a ukazuje sever a jih. Modern\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje ukazuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 v\u00fdchod a z\u00e1pad. Je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee magnetick\u00e9 p\u00f3ly Zem\u011b (m\u00edsta, kde se linie magnetick\u00e9ho pole vyrovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed kolmo k zemsk\u00e9mu povrchu), na kter\u00e9 kompas ukazuje, nejsou toto\u017en\u00e9 s geografick\u00fdmi p\u00f3ly (severn\u00ed p\u00f3l v Severn\u00edm Arktick\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu a ji\u017en\u00ed p\u00f3l na Antarktid\u011b). Jin\u00fdmi slovy, neshoduj\u00ed se, proto\u017ee magnetick\u00e9 p\u00f3ly pravideln\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed svou polohu. Je to d\u00e1no <\/span>stupnic\u00ed magnetick\u00e9 deklinace<\/strong><\/span>, tj. \u00fahlem mezi zem\u011bpisn\u00fdm a magnetick\u00fdm severem. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice je tento rozd\u00edl velmi mal\u00fd, a proto se neprom\u00edt\u00e1 do p\u0159esnosti kompasu, ale nap\u0159. na Nov\u00e9m Z\u00e9landu je nutn\u00e9 p\u0159i ukazov\u00e1n\u00ed ru\u010di\u010dky zohlednit hodnotu deklinace.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Spr\u00e1vnou funkci kompasu naru\u0161uj\u00ed mimo jin\u00e9.:<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • kovov\u00e9 p\u0159edm\u011bty (nap\u0159. \u017eelezo nebo ocel) nebo lo\u017eiska kov\u016f pod zem\u00ed;;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • elektrick\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • magnety;<\/span><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • kabely vysok\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      Jak \u010d\u00edst z kompasu?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      Abyste mohli spr\u00e1vn\u011b \u010d\u00edst z kompasu, mus\u00edte zn\u00e1t ozna\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se v n\u011bm pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed (nap\u0159. \u010dervenou \u0161ipku), a v\u011bd\u011bt, jak\u00e1 je orientace mapy a jak vyzna\u010dit azimut.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Ozna\u010den\u00ed<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      \u010cerven\u00e1 \u0161ipka na magnetick\u00e9 ru\u010di\u010dce ukazuje sever. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b hv\u011bzdicov\u00fd obrazec, kter\u00fd ozna\u010duje 8 nebo 16 sv\u011btov\u00fdch stran, je tzv. v\u011btrn\u00e1 r\u016f\u017eice (ozna\u010duje sm\u011br v\u011btru).<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \"Kompaktn\u00ed<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

      Orientace mapy a ur\u010den\u00ed azimutu<\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

      Orientace mapy <\/strong><\/span>nen\u00ed nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e jej\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00ed tak, aby odpov\u00eddala skute\u010dn\u00fdm zem\u011bpisn\u00fdm sm\u011br\u016fm a aby jej\u00ed horn\u00ed r\u00e1me\u010dek ukazoval sever. Polo\u017ete mapu na rovnou plochu a najd\u011bte m\u00edsto, kde se nach\u00e1z\u00edte. Um\u00edst\u011bte kompas na mapu tak, aby jeho st\u0159ed p\u0159esn\u011b odpov\u00eddal va\u0161\u00ed poloze. Desti\u010dka kompasu a sm\u011brov\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry maj\u00ed ukazovat na sever. Dr\u017ete p\u0159\u00edstroj na jednom m\u00edst\u011b a sou\u010dasn\u011b ot\u00e1\u010dejte mapou, dokud se jej\u00ed sever a rovnob\u011b\u017eky (\u010d\u00e1ry severoji\u017en\u00ed d\u00e9lky) neshoduj\u00ed se severem na kompasu. Nyn\u00ed je \u010das ur\u010dit azimut. Zarovnejte stranu kompasu tak, aby spojovala bod, ve kter\u00e9m se nach\u00e1z\u00edte, s bodem, ke kter\u00e9mu m\u00ed\u0159\u00edte. Pot\u00e9 oto\u010dte krou\u017eek p\u0159\u00edstroje tak, aby se jeho linie zarovnaly s liniemi sever-jih na map\u011b. Postavte se do sm\u011bru vyzna\u010den\u00e9ho \u0161ipkou a s kompasem p\u0159ilo\u017een\u00fdm svisle k zemi se vydejte k c\u00edli, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e pravideln\u011b kontrolujte spr\u00e1vnost trasy podle ur\u010den\u00e9ho azimutu.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Dobr\u00fd kompas aneb na co se zam\u011b\u0159it p\u0159i jeho n\u00e1kupu?<\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

      N\u00e1kup kompasu je ovlivn\u011bn \u00fa\u010delem, tj. k jak\u00fdm \u010dinnostem ho budete pou\u017e\u00edvat (na expedice, na b\u011bh nebo orienta\u010dn\u00ed b\u011bh atd.) a jak p\u0159esn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed pot\u0159ebujete. Pokud se chyst\u00e1te na d\u00e1lkovou horskou expedici, nap\u0159\u00edklad do Severn\u00ed Ameriky, vyplat\u00ed se zvolit kompas s deklinac\u00ed. Pro r\u016fzn\u00e9 sporty se dob\u0159e hod\u00ed model s rychl\u00fdm nastaven\u00edm ru\u010di\u010dky, kter\u00fd by m\u011bl b\u00fdt nav\u00edc \u0161irok\u00fd, abyste mohli kontrolovat \u00fadaje bez p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed \u010dinnosti. Nap\u0159\u00edklad pro orienta\u010dn\u00ed b\u011bh je dobrou volbou mo\u017enost p\u0159ipevn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje na palec. P\u0159i turistice v hor\u00e1ch se bude hodit p\u0159\u00edv\u011bsek nebo krou\u017eek na kl\u00ed\u010de, kter\u00fd umo\u017en\u00ed zav\u011b\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstroje na krk nebo p\u0159ipnut\u00ed nap\u0159\u00edklad na batoh, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b kompas v podob\u011b hodinek. P\u0159i n\u00e1kupu magnetick\u00e9ho kompasu v\u011bnujte pozornost dal\u0161\u00edm funkc\u00edm, jako je vestav\u011bn\u00e1 lupa (usnad\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed \u010dten\u00ed mapy) nebo p\u0159ihr\u00e1dky s obl\u00edben\u00fdmi stupnicemi (umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edmi kontrolovat vzd\u00e1lenost mezi konkr\u00e9tn\u00edmi body). D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je tak\u00e9 v\u00fdpl\u0148 kapalinou. Nejvhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je alkohol – jeho hustota je ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e hustota vody, tak\u017ee p\u0159i ot\u00e1\u010div\u00e9m pohybu jehly klade men\u0161\u00ed odpor, tak\u017ee \u00fadaje jsou p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 je odolnost pouzdra – m\u011blo by b\u00fdt odoln\u00e9 proti mechanick\u00e9mu po\u0161kozen\u00ed. Dobrou volbou bude tak\u00e9 digit\u00e1ln\u00ed kompas, kter\u00fd pracuje na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00fadaj\u016f z\u00edskan\u00fdch ze satelitu.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n\n

      Kompas by nem\u011bl chyb\u011bt ve va\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdbav\u011b ve vybaven\u00ed pro horolezectv\u00ed, cyklistiku, b\u011bh, bushcraft nebo survival, a to bez ohledu na naviga\u010dn\u00ed vybaven\u00ed, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te, p\u0159esnost mapy zobrazen\u00e9 na va\u0161em chytr\u00e9m telefonu nebo d\u00e9lku trasy, kterou hodl\u00e1te proj\u00edt. Tato mal\u00e1 sou\u010d\u00e1st vybaven\u00ed se spolu s turistickou mapou (nejl\u00e9pe laminovanou, aby ji nepo\u0161kodil d\u00e9\u0161\u0165 nebo vlhkost) m\u016f\u017ee uk\u00e1zat jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1, jakmile ztrat\u00edte stezku a va\u0161e elektronick\u00e9 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se rozbije nebo ztrat\u00ed sign\u00e1l.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Kompas je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se v dob\u011b GPS a Google Maps pomalu st\u00e1v\u00e1 minulost\u00ed. P\u0159esto se vyplat\u00ed nau\u010dit se ho pou\u017e\u00edvat, proto\u017ee na rozd\u00edl od navigace v\u00e1s p\u0159i t\u00fa\u0159e nebo orienta\u010dn\u00edm b\u011bhu nezklame. N\u00e1\u0161 pr\u016fvodce v\u00e1m odpov\u00ed na ot\u00e1zku: Jak \u010d\u00edst z kompasu, ale nejen to. Dozv\u00edte se, jak z \u010deho kompas se skl\u00e1d\u00e1, jak […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1672,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1668","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-turistika"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nJak pou\u017e\u00edvat kompas? Z\u00e1klady pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed kompasu - Blog Sportano.cz<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sportano.cz\/blog\/jak-pouzivat-kompas-zaklady-pouzivani-kompasu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jak pou\u017e\u00edvat kompas? Z\u00e1klady pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed kompasu - Blog Sportano.cz\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kompas je za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se v dob\u011b GPS a Google Maps pomalu st\u00e1v\u00e1 minulost\u00ed. P\u0159esto se vyplat\u00ed nau\u010dit se ho pou\u017e\u00edvat, proto\u017ee na rozd\u00edl od navigace v\u00e1s p\u0159i t\u00fa\u0159e nebo orienta\u010dn\u00edm b\u011bhu nezklame. N\u00e1\u0161 pr\u016fvodce v\u00e1m odpov\u00ed na ot\u00e1zku: Jak \u010d\u00edst z kompasu, ale nejen to. 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